Quercus macrocarpa, Bur Oak

White Oak Group: acorns mature in 1 year, small ones not present on winter twigs, leaves blunt-lobed, rounded at apex, winter buds generally rounded at apex

Size: tree, 60-80' average height and spread at maturity

Buds: clustered at twig tips, about .25" long, persistent threadlike stipules

Leaves: deciduous, alternate, 4-10" long, 2-5" wide, simple, obovate, lower portion of leaf has 2-3 pairs of lobes, upper part has a number of less-distinct, rounded, rather irregular and shallower lobes, dark green on top, grayish or whitish and tomentose underside, fall color yellow to brown

Twigs: light gray or brown, stout, small stain below leaf scar, may develop corky ridges after first year, 5-point star-shaped pith

Flowers: monoecious, male flowers in catkins, females in leaf axils, solitary or in small clusters

Fruit: acorn, nearly sessile, .75-1.5" long, cap encloses half or more, edges of cap conspicuously fringed

Bark: rough with deep ridges and furrows, dark gray or gray brown, not exfoliating on 4-5 year-old wood

Quercus palustris, Pin Oak

Black Oak Group: acorns mature in 2 years, small ones usually present on winter twigs, leaves usually have bristle-tipped lobes (except for Q. imbricaria, which is bristle tipped at apex), winter buds generally acute at apex

Size: tree, 50-70' average height at maturity

Buds: .125-.25" with sharp pointed tips, scales indistinct, glabrous, uniformly brown, clustered at twig tips

Leaves: deciduous, alternate, 3-6" long and wide, simple, 5-7 narrow lobes, major sinuses (cuts that form lobes) u-shaped (not c-shaped as on Q. coccinea), terminal lobe has long acuminate tip, shiny dark green in summer, russet, bronze, or red in fall

Twigs: numerous short twigs, often at right angles to main stem, 5-point star-shaped pith

Flowers: monoecious, male flowers in catkins, females in leaf axils, solitary or in small clusters

Fruit: acorn (nuts plus involucre), .5" high, up to .75" wide, light brown, cap covers half to a third of nut

Bark: grayish brown, smooth, shallowly ridged and furrowed with age

Phellodendron amurense, Amur Cork Tree

Size: tree, 30-40' average height at maturity

Buds: .125", brown, hairy, no terminal bud

Leaves: deciduous, opposite, pinnately compound, 5-13 leaflets, each 2.5-4.5" long by 1.25-2.25" wide, ovate to ovate-lanceolate, margins entire, tips long acuminate, dark green in summer, often shiny or bronzish yellow in fall

Twigs: stout, orange-yellow or yellow-gray, brown when older, prominent lenticels, leaf scar nearly surrounds bud

Flowers: dioecious, yellow-treen, in panicles up to 3.5" long and 3" wide

Fruit: .5" black roundish drupe, persists into winter

Bark: inner bark yellow, gray-brown in old age, ridges and furrows in corklike pattern

Quercus acutissima, Saw-tooth Oak

Black Oak Group: acorns mature in 2 years, small ones usually present on winter twigs, leaves usually have bristle-tipped lobes (except for Q. imbricaria, which is bristle tipped at apex), winter buds generally acute at apex

Size: tree, 40-50' average height at maturity

Buds: .125-.375", acute, clustered at twig tips, pubescent to the point of wooliness, laterals sometimes superposed

Leaves: deciduous, alternate, 3.5-7.5" long, 1-2.25" wide, simple, unlobed, oblong to lanceolate, serrate with bristle-like teeth, accuminate, often persistent, toothed but not lobed, teeth tipped with bristles

Twigs: gray-brown, glabrous, pith shaped like a 5-point star

Flowers: monoecious, male flowers in catkins up to 4", females in leaf axils, solitary or in small clusters

Fruit: acorn (nuts plus involucre), the involucre has long spreading scales enclosing 2/3 of the nut

Bark: gray-brown with deep ridges and furrows

Quercus alba, White Oak

White Oak Group: acorns mature in 1 year, small ones not present on winter twigs, leaves blunt-lobed, rounded at apex, winter buds generally rounded at apex

Size: tree, 50-80' average height and spread at maturity

Buds: broadly ovate, blunt, .125-.25", clustered at twig tips

Leaves: deciduous, alternate, 4-8.5" long, 2-4.5" wide, simple, obovate to oblong obovate, tip abruptly acute, 5-9 oblong obtuse lobes, pinkish when unfolding, dark green to blue-green in summer, changing to red, burgundy, and brown in fall

Twigs: stout, angled, pith shaped like 5-point star

Flowers: monoecious, male flowers in catkins, females in leaf axils, solitary or in small clusters

Fruit: acorn (nut plus involucre) up to about 1" long, enclosed half to a third of its length in bowl-like cap with bumpy scales, deep chocolate-brown

Bark: light ashy gray, plates or deep fissures develop with age, often broken into blocks and scales

Quercus bicolor, Swamp White Oak

White Oak Group: acorns mature in 1 year, small ones not present on winter twigs, leaves blunt-lobed, rounded at apex, winter buds generally rounded at apex

Size: tree, 50-60' average height at maturity

Buds: imbricate, broadly ovate, .125-.25", clustered at twig tips

Leaves: deciduous, alternate, 3-7" long, 1.25-4" wide, simple, oblong-obovate to obovate, margins variable, sometimes lobed to the midrib, sometimes rounded, sinuously toothed margins, tip acute or rounded, shiny dark green above, lighter and tomentose or velvety on underside, fall color yellow or reddish purple

Twigs: yellow-brown to reddish brown, glabrous, stout or slender, 5-point star-shaped pith

Flowers: monoecious, male flowers in catkins, females in leaf axils, solitary or in small clusters

Fruit: acorn (nut plus involucre) up to about 1", often born in pairs, nut shiny light-brown, top third covered by involucre

Bark: gray brown, flaky, deep fissures and long ridges

Quercus coccinea, Scarlet Oak

Black Oak Group: acorns mature in 2 years, small ones usually present on winter twigs, leaves usually have bristle-tipped lobes (except for Q. imbricaria, which is bristle tipped at apex), winter buds generally acute at apex

Size: tree, 70-75' average height at maturity, 40-50' spread

Buds: broadly ovate, .25-.5, clustered at twig tips, blunt (unlike those of other black oaks), shaped like rugby balls

Leaves: deciduous, alternate, 3-6" long, 2.5-4.5" wide, simple, oblong or elliptic, 7-9 lobes with bristle-tips, base often truncate, major sinuses (cuts that create lobing) are C-shaped, unlike U-shaped Q. palustris), shiny dark green on top, shiny underside, scarlet in fall or sometimes russet red

Twigs: light brown to red-brown, dotted with small gray lenticels, older stems shiny green, 5-point star-shaped pith

Flowers: monoecious, male flowers in catkins, females in leaf axils, solitary or in small clusters

Fruit: acorn (nuts plus involucre), .5-1" long and wide, oval to hemispherical, red-brown, cap encloses half to two-thirds

Bark: gray with reddish inner bark

Quercus imbricaria, Shingle Oak

Black Oak Group: acorns mature in 2 years, small ones usually present on winter twigs, leaves usually have bristle-tipped lobes (except for Q. imbricaria, which is bristle tipped at apex), winter buds generally acute at apex

Size: tree, 40-60' average height and spread at maturity

Buds: imbricate, ovoid, sharp-pointed, .125-.25" clustered at twig tips

Leaves: deciduous, alternate, 2.5-6" long, 1-3" wide, simple, olong or lanceolate, acute with bristlelike tip, resembles Q. acutissima but lacks serrations, margins entire or revolute, shiny dark green on top, pale green on top, pale green or brownish pubescent underside

Twigs: green-brown, shiny, slender, angled, 5-point star-shaped pith

Flowers: monoecious, male flowers in catkins, females in leaf axils, solitary or in small clusters

Fruit: acorn (nuts plus involucre), about .625" long, top third to half enclosed by red-brown cap

Bark: grayish brown, broad low ridges, shallow furrows at maturity

Quercus muehlenbergii, Chinkapin Oak

White Oak Group: acorns mature in 1 year, small ones not present on winter twigs, leaves blunt-lobed, rounded at apex, winter buds generally rounded at apex

Size: tree, 35-50' average height and spread at maturity

Buds: light brown or pale, oval, up to .25" long

Leaves: deciduous, alternate, 4-6.5" long, .33-.5" wide, simple, oblong to oblong-lanceolate, acute or cuminate apex, rounded at base, coarsely toothed with 8-13 pairs of acute or mucronulate teeth, petiole .75" to 1.5" long, shiny dark yellow-green on top, white tomentose underside, yellow-brown fall color

Twigs: smooth, brown, rounded, slender

Flowers: monoecious, male flowers in catkins, females in leaf axils

Fruit: acorn, nearly sessile, globose-ovoid, .75-1" long, half enclosed by thin cap, small scales

Bark: gray, rough, flaky

Quercus robur, English Oak

White Oak Group: acorns mature in 1 year, small ones not present on winter twigs, leaves blunt-lobed, rounded at apex, winter buds generally rounded at apex

Size: tree, 50-60' average height and spread at maturity

Buds: about .25", plump, tip may be obtuse to acute, buds contrast with greenish, somewhat glaucus twigs, angled with small scales, clustered at twig tips

Leaves: deciduous, alternate, 2-5" long, 2-2.5" wide, petiole less than .33" long, simple, obovate to obovate-oblong, tip and lobes rounded, number of lobes variable, 3-7 pairs, leaf base may be rouned or auriculate (shaped like an ear lobe), dark green to blue-green in summer, brown in fall

Twigs: red-brown, angled, 5-point star-shaped pith

Flowers: monoecious, male flowers in catkins, females in leaf axils, solitary or in small clusters

Fruit: acorn (nuts plus involucre), about 1" long, narrowish, cap covers top half to third

Bark: grayish brown to black, deep furrows

Quercus rubra, Red Oak

Black Oak Group: acorns mature in 2 years, small ones usually present on winter twigs, leaves usually have bristle-tipped lobes (except Q. imbricaria, which is bristle-tipped at apex), winter buds generally acute at apex

Size: tree, 60-75' average height and spread at maturity

Buds: .25" long, sharp-pointed, round in cross-section, often with dark band at top of each scale, clustered at twig tips

Leaves: deciduous, alternate, 4.5-8.5" long, 4-6" wide, simple, oval to obovate, 7-11 pointed lobes, shiny dark green on top, grayish-whitish underside

Twigs: stout, greenish to reddish brown, 5-pointed-star-shaped pith

Flowers: monoecious, male flowers in catkins, females in leaf axils, solitary or in small clusters

Fruit: acorn (nuts plus involucre), .75-1" long, roundish, flat thick cap

Bark: brown to black, wide gray ridged with shallow fissures

Quercus velutina, Black Oak

Black Oak Group: acorns mature in 2 years, small ones usually present on winter twigs, leaves usually have bristle-tipped lobes (except Q. imbricaria, which is bristle-tipped at apex), winter buds generally acute at apex

Size: tree, 50-60' average height at maturity

Buds: ovate to conical, .25-.5" long, sharp-pointed, tan or gray pubescence, angular in cross-section, clustered at twig tips

Leaves: deciduous, alternate, 4-10" long, 2-6" wide, simple, oblong-ovate, to obovate, 7-9 pointed lobes, shiny dark green on top, glabrous underside

Twigs: stout, reddish brown or reddish, mottled with gray, 5-pointed star-shaped pith

Flowers: monoecious, male flowers in catkins, females in leaf axils, solitary or in small clusters

Fruit: acorn (nuts plus involucre), up to .75", hemispherical, often with faint stripes, light red-brown, cap covers 50-70 percent of nut

Bark: black on old trunks, deep vertical furrows with many horizontal breaks

Ulmus americana, American Elm

Size: tree, 60-80' average height at maturity, 30-50' spread

Buds: imbricate, no terminal bud, pseudoterminal bud usually tipped to one side, vegetative bud appressed, flower buds (when present) much larger, lateral buds 2-ranked

Leaves: deciduous, alternate, 3-6" long, 1-3" wide, simple, ovate-oblong, acuminate, doubly serrate, unbalanced at base, shiny dark green, often rough on upper surface

Twigs: uniformly brown, usually glaborous but sometimes pubescent, 3-4 bundle scars

Flowers: monoecious, reddish green, clusters of 3-4

Fruit: roughly circular samara, winged on all sides, in clusters

Bark: dark gray, scaly, pattern of thick intersecting ridges